03. There are very specific procedures for asbestos testing, removal, and disposal. Use before installing new laminate flooring, vinyl plank, wood click. Many asbestos tiles were made in specific sizes from around the 1920s until about the 1980s. . Once the first tile is removed, work the putty knife at a 45 degree angle to gently pop the remaining tiles loose. These are minimum costs based on standard asbestos floor tile removal with no asbestos floor tiles running beneath. Hudson Tempered Corner Shelf 9-in x 9-in Natural Glass Wall Tile (0. He kept to his estimate and removed the 9x9 asbestos floor tiles in short order. If it is verified Asbestos, then get a certified abatement crew in to remove it. $175. 999% sure this is Asbestos. The floor is scrubbed with a neutral floor cleaner and water. Ya dont sand the glue lol. In rare cases, the 9” x 9” tile did not. Wetting the tiles helps minimize the release of asbestos fibers into the air. A massive fuckton. I'm looking for a rough estimate on the cost to removal asbestos 9x9 tile in Rochester, NY. This cost could be as little as $450 or as high as $6,000, depending on the affected area's size, the location of the asbestos, and the type of asbestos you're dealing with. 52. com installing tile flooring, backsplashes, and sh. For a 1960's vintage asbestos-containing floor tile photo guide, please also see 1960-1969 ARMSTRONG EXCELON FLOOR TILE GUIDE: VINYL PLASTIC ASBESTOS, 9" x 9" & beginning in 1960 available in 12" x 12" size. Asbestos was added to the mastic for its. I agree, asbestos removal gets very expensive very quickly and I’m guessing your contractor has ensured you’ll have to have it removed by opening it up like that. Questions & Answers on procedures for removing asbestos-containing floor tiles or other floor coverings, or on the use of floor rejuvenators and restorative sealants on vinyl-asbestos floor tiles. For accurate estimating, use our Cost Calculator for estimates customized to the location, size and options of your project. f. There is another path to your new floor other than paying for proper asbestos abatement. Sometimes, dark discoloration appears after years. 2) You are probably legally required, and certainly ethically required, to disclose the fact that there is asbestos tile under the new floor when you sell. Letter to T. The volume of flooring that was cut by your drilling contractor, or 0. The typical range for asbestos tile removal is between $1,161 – $3,037; however, the national average is $2,080. Hi Mike, How is removing the old tiles going to change the level or flatness of the slab? There is no need to have the tiles tested, I guarantee they contain some asbestos. Please keep in mind that the actual cost can vary greatly based on the factors mentioned earlier. 2. The cost per sq. My house was about 1000 square feet and the whole removal cost about 1500. Asbestos floor tiles were once a popular choice for flooring, and you will often find old asbestos floor tiles hidden under carpets. " The owner Nedo was very professional, prompt and was easy to communicate with. Risks of asbestos Seal off affected areas: Asbestos particles spread very easily, especially during removal, when asbestos tiles will be broken. I work from home as a video editor so I'm going to be down there 5-8 hours a day. The cost of removing asbestos tiles depends on the extent of work required. Vinyl asbestos floor tiles were produced from approximately 1954 to 1980. One of the most common is asbestos drywall, which costs between $7 and $9 (CAD 9. . No need for grinding, soy gels, abatement, or removal. Floor title containing asbestos is typically 1-2% by total volume. 50 per square foot to remove asbestos from a wall or drywall. Many of them are coming loose from the waterleaks over the years, but about 80 % are tight. At Canada's Restoration Services, our customers are our top priority. Heat-resistant board and paper materials around wood stoves. How to Remove Vinyl Asbestos Tiles & Nailed Tack Strips. The Alternate Option-. L. Re-glue any loose 9x9 tile. Project costs include a few tools and supplies if you do it yourself. For example, it would cost $2. Reply: Removal of or drilling through asbestos-containing floor tile and/or mastic is a Class III operation under the OSHA asbestos standard for construction, 29 CFR 1926. 00 – $475. 1. He died of the disease before his trial, but the jury awarded $3. By contrast, asphaltic cutback adhesive is an older type of mastic made with asphalt-based cement. My goal is to remove it and refinish the flooring beneath, much like has been done for the rest of the house. hzcdn. Powder Room Floor Marmoleum Over Asbestos Tile. Fact Checked Cite This Article Unlike many asbestos-containing materials, vinyl asbestos flooring is generally safe to be around. On 2020-03-22 by Ron Fletcher. Just damp the floor down before working and the wet will catch anything that could potentially float outwards. 00. You can expect to pay $30 an hour in labor costs and another $400 for an asbestos air test. Screw the cap on to the top of the spray bottle and shake it to mix the detergent and water together. Cost can add up quickly, especially if you’re a novice and have never attempted to. Every Asbestos job is unique, therefore the costs associated are dependent on the scope of work that needs to be followed. How much would it cost to remove asbestos tile from a second floor house about 800 square feet?. After all of the tack strips have been removed, the area should be thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed before any new materials are applied. In other words, don’t assume anything. The worst thing to do is to attempt to grind it off with a drum sander or to scrape it off manually. Asbestos floor tiles came in two main varieties: vinyl tiles and asphalt tiles. In this video, I remove what is highly likely to be asbestos tiles!Follow our Renovation Instagram: tile cut up by accident. If asbestos tiles are covered with carpeting or a floating floor made of wood, bamboo, cork, linoleum or vinyl along with the appropriate vapor. 83 KB) Letter to C. $4,254. 6K subscribers in the asbestoshelp community. Garage roofing is one of the most common places that homeowners find asbestos and can be expensive to remove. Although products were discontinued between 1970 and 1980, it is still possible that bulk products containing asbestos were still used into the late 1980s. 20 – 100 metres. 06in when assembled. Tore the basement carpet off (it was taped down) and had new carpet installed (with tack strips etc. ) encapsulation. My house was about 1000 square feet and the whole removal cost about 1500. 0514. It is expensive to remove them. Removing Old Stair Carpet And 600 Staples Young House Love. cost and height to the repair so it won't be flush - this repair is in center of room. Asbestos was traditionally used in vinyl sheet tile flooring as backing to make it more resistant to damage and give it better insulation. Apply the glue evenly on the area, and put the carpet on top. Find out more at After uncovering potentially asbestos vinyl tiles under old carpeting we researched our options and this is how we. For vinyl floors and flooring tiles that contain asbestos, expect the removal cost to be between $5 and $15+ per square foot with additional expenses for replacement ranging from $1,500 to $4,500+. Friable flooring can release asbestos into the air. Put on protective clothing, gloves, and a respirator thingy, and carefully bag up the tiles, taking every precaution so that I don’t break any tiles. Asbestos is extremely harmful if it’s ingested or inhaled. Asbestos garage roof removal cost. Cost. eosha • Additional comment actions. home built in 1960. Laboratories are listed in the yellow pages under “Environmental Services” and “Laboratories-Testing. $240. We think the whole house is covered in 9x9 asbestos flooring. Plus if the tiles break than that means you are breathing asbestos dust. If it looks old it probably is, however you must consider if the vinyl sheet flooring contains asbestos fibers if you plan on removing it. The first step in recognizing asbestos floor tiles is to confirm that your residential property was constructed between 1920 and 1980. ago. The percentage of components in the US patents. Floor tiles typically cost more to remove than wall tiles. If after testing it is determined that the floor tile is non-asbestos, it can be handled by non-certified persons. Asbestos tile removal runs $20-$65/sqft. But when vinyl asbestos flooring is in good condition, it is considered nonfriable. Removal damaged asbestos floor tiles as a result of flooding. The sizes were 9×9, 12×12, and 18×18. Some people are prone to disease much more so than others. The floor under the carpet is the 9x9 vinyl tile that probably contains asbestos. I agree, asbestos removal gets very expensive very quickly and I’m guessing your contractor has ensured you’ll have to have it removed by opening it up like that. Many tiles in older homes do contain asbestos, and there is no way to tell just by looking. Business, Economics, and Finance. Fact Checked. ft/ Piece). Typical Asbestos Removal Price List*: Hazmat Surveys, $250 (limited area) – $2,000+ (can be more for commercial) Contract a consultant/lab for the survey. Asbestos in floor tiles is considered to be low risk. when you find those three pages in amongst the 3-400 pages. Before you begin any asbestos removal project, you must be able to answer “yes” to all the following questions: Are you sure there is asbestos in your flooring? Not all sheet vinyl flooring has asbestos backing. You can expect to pay $30 an hour in labor costs and another $400 for an asbestos air test. ft/ Piece) Model # 1001-0235-0. Some lifters operate with elbow grease. On 2020-08-15 by Helen: asbestos floor tiles in a London Flat. The national average cost for asbestos removal is around $2,049. If you have asbestos insulation, expect to pay between $4 and $8 (CAD 5. This is asbestos, i removed flooring like that today, which was tested and came Asbestos positive. So I used a circular saw and cut squares to make it easier to prye up. 1101, as long as the amount of asbestos-containing debris from the work can be contained in one standard-sized waste bag not exceeding 60 inches in length and width;. tl;dr: they use the most destructive means of removal possible, and the amount of asbestos released into the air is negligible. 2 billion to get all 307 public school facilities in Rhode Island into “ideal” condition — including removing unabated asbestos materials — according to the 2017 Jacobs Recommendations for Consideration, a statewide, independent assessment. 33. 4th Layer, Vinyl tiles = 1- 3% asbestos adhered with 3-5% asbestos-containing mastic over non-asbestos fibrous underlayment. Help! On 2020-08-15 by Julia: asbestos-containing floor tiles in a 1970s. David Bowden. Step by step process on how to remove black mastic, mastic with asbestos, carpet glue of concrete floor using SealGreen SGR1500 remover soy based. Clean the floor thoroughly before the application of the epoxy like you would for encapsulating with a sealant. On 2022-11-07 by InspectApedia (Editor) - What can I use to put over old 50s floor tile to seal it. Others might on say, 5 years on a few a day will get it. Both the flooring and the mastic are likely to contain asbestos. Asbestos is a natural mineral that has been used in building and construction due to its insulating capabilities and resistance to high temperatures. For garages, the cost of removing asbestos roofs starts at £380 for a single garage or £680 if the sides are also made of asbestos. Removal of 12” x 12” chocolate brown floor tile with cream streaks and associated mastic 2,127 s. A few important pointers to help identify the presence of asbestos in your floor tiles include: • Tile Size: Asbestos vinyl tiles were commonly 9x9, 12x12, and 18x8 inch and asphalt asbestos tiles were usually 9x9 and 12x12 inches. If asbestos tiles are covered with carpeting or a floating floor made of wood, bamboo, cork, linoleum or vinyl along with the appropriate vapor. I would recommend this company who wants to deal with a reliable contractor. Is this the. Open full review. I would recommend this company who wants to deal with a reliable contractor. Remediation is expensive and I'm cheap. Mop the floor several times, get ALL the loose material up. The most common type is thermoplastic,. 2. Popular in offices and homes from the 1940s to the 1980s, asbestos floor tiles can still be found even if covered by an alternative type of floorings such as carpet or wooden floors. Typical Range. Real Estate Investor. True porcelain is gentle to the environment, reusing 100% of the water used in manufacturing and by recycling dust and. 80" gauge) pattern vinyl asbestos floor tiles shown above were sold in WHITE 57020, and RED 57021 (shown below)Cement-asbestos house shingles. Complete whole-home abatement for siding,. Now I’m at a loss on how to proceed. cost to remove 9x9 asbestos floor tiles. I contacted several abatement companies and the cost is about $7k for removal. Learn more about Canada’s Restoration Services by calling one of our in-house specialists at 1. 999% sure this is Asbestos. Asbestos offers heat and chemical resistance, in addition to fireproofing and durability. This article points out that while most mastics and adhesives are not friable thus not easily airborne, there may be reasons to cover up such materials to reduce possible future indoor airborne asbestos exposure. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased. Use sharp, jabbing strokes. Here is the Kentile D-225 Cerulean Blue 9x9" floor tile in the box above:. The best thing to do is leave it alone. Safe removal and disposal of a 3-layer asbestos tile floor is: £20 per m2. Gas-fired fireplaces in homes built before 1990 often used artificial ashes and embers containing. For the lab to come to your house and take the sample, you can triple the price. His proposal is to encapsulate the untested mastic using Foster's 32-22 lockdown encapsulant. The EPA once did a study at a US Army base during asbestos tile removal. We notice you have a post regarding asbestos. It is very common for 9×9 tiles to contain asbestos. Asbestos Program, and the tile/mastic remain non-friable during the removal process. The estimate includes the cost of removing asbestos from various areas, including ceilings, walls, soffits and flooring materials. My wife and I bought and moved into a house a couple months ago. All equipment that was used for the tile removal should be cleaned with wet rags. • Floor and ceiling tiles • Plaster and wallboard • Insulation from buildings, pipes and boilers. Fancy re removal of asbestos containing floor tile. The average cost to remove a tile floor is $600 for a 150-square-foot room, but tile floor removal prices may range between $250 and $1,100. The larger the extent of the work, the more will be the cost. As mentioned above, the cost for Asbestos Removal services varies depending on certain factors. Most ACM floor tiles contained a blend of chrysotile and amosite asbestos fibers. 12x12 tiles that have not been tested will be treated as asbestos. 00 While not cheap it is cheaper than the fine you can get for dumping asbestos illegally. Tile removal costs $2 to $7 per square foot or $200 to $1,400 total on average, depending on the location and job size. 4d finishing nails measuring tape replacement ceil. Jack Y. The asphalt content lends mastic its black color. Wall and Flooring Indoor Tiling - Asbestos Tiles - Coverup - Hello, my husband and I purchased our first home last summer, and while lifting the edges of a nasty 14 year old carpet to see what was underneath, I made an awful discovery. I took a. I was hopeful that my wife and I could have removed the old flooring (carpet in main living area and kitchen tile) ourselves, but now I’m really concerned. I recently removed a small, 17-square ft. Encapsulation, which creates an airtight seal around. Flooring Encapsulation Pros and Cons. Take a liquid laundry detergent and pour 2-3 droplets into the bottle. Many houses contain asbestos ceiling materials, especially houses that were built between the 1950s and the 1980s. is a family owned and operated business that serves Philadelphia and the surrounding counties. if it's old with multiple layers past it's due date, which would precipitate the effects of it not looking "true". The cost of such a test is low and worthwhile if you can by confirming no-asbestos avoid a costly asbestos demolition job. Rochester, NY. 5k. Here are more examples of widely-sold Armstrong vinyl-asbestos floor tiles in brick patterns. Asbestos is dangerous only when inhaled, which only happens if its airborne. Covering a few square feet at a time, the high-voltage electronic machine heats the tile and associated mastic in the range of 600-700 degrees F within minutes. Nothing will hurt those tiles except a big hammer. FREE Mesothelioma Packet. Attached are pictures of the layers underneath our carpet in the living room. How To Seal Asbestos Tiles Hunker. If the asbestos containment contractor can use encapsulation rather than removal, costs may drop to $12 per square metre. In addition, several six-inch asphalt-based or floor tiles examined by a reader were found to be asbestos-free, despite the fact that their pattern resembled other 9×9 asbestos-containing floor tiles in the Armstrong range of products. If you want safe, easy, economical EPA approved methods to seal asbestos flooring, try to apply high-quality adhesives to the black mastics. Tile removal costs between $2 and $6 per. Even though their pattern matched other 9×9 asbestos-containing floor tiles in the Armstrong line, some six-inch asphalt based or floor tiles tested by a reader were found to be asbestos-free. Tile removal costs $2 to $7 per square foot or $200 to $1,400 total on average, depending on the location and job size. We have a pine floor/subfloor under 9x9 tiles where are adhered to a fiberboard substrate which is under carpet. Asbestos was used as both a filler (using asbestos waste materials) and in. I'd probably even remove it myself if it were my house, but I've done a bit of work with removing it before so I know the score. However, tackling asbestos in the roof is the costliest project, setting most homeowners back $450 (CAD 600. Just get rid of them. Low End - High End. Put a box or two per week into your garbage pick-up. @Becca, OK so 1950s, UK, probably asphalt-asbestos floor tiles. f. However, exposure to asbestos can cause serious health problems, including lung cancer. typically old vinyl-asbestos floor tiles are indeed thin but not 1/16" as you describe; more likely the flooring was usually 1/8" thick (referred to as " Type 1 Semi-Flexible VInyl Plastic Floor. Remove baseboards as part of your prep too, so that you can fully clean your tile. Leaving it undistubed is the best . 25 and $10 (CAD 4. If you are living in a home that was built between the years 1960 and 1960, the odds are they probably are made from asbestos. While asbestos is certainly a carcinogen, it's effect on a group of 100 people for example will vary wildly. Ehret had developed the cancer after being exposed to asbestos in the companies’ vinyl flooring products for more than 20 years. The price can range from £800 to over £2,500. Q: I'm told that the old vinyl floor tiles in the basement of our 1950 house contain asbestos and that I should not try to remove the tiles but cover them with wall-to-wall carpeting. well as long as your in California the porch should be good. He kept to his estimate and removed the 9x9 asbestos floor tiles in short order. • Glass shelf is durable and impervious to water. Just don't scrape the mastic or break the existing tiles. ago. Chrysotile. Depending on the style of the tile, a fireplace covered with ceramic tiles can be a lovely addition to your h. 76 - $4. (we don't know if it does for sure, but it checks all the boxes of. For garages, the cost of removing asbestos roofs starts at £380 for a single garage or £680 if the sides are also made of asbestos. Asbestos floor tiles came in two main varieties: vinyl tiles and asphalt tiles. f. I'm looking for a rough estimate on the cost to removal asbestos 9x9 tile in Rochester, NY. Wipe everything down. You can remove the carpet but you'll want to cover the floor with new carpet OR paint it with an expoxy floor paint as a sealer - as we describe at ASBESTOS FLOORING LEFT IN PLACEBTW, most 9x9 and 10x10 floor tile sold today contains asbestos. 2. Risks of asbestos9×9 Vinyl Tile and Mastic. Exterior removal projects, which often involve asbestos siding or roofing materials, are more complex and usually cost $50–$150 per square foot. But that changes as soon as you. All equipment that was used for the tile removal should be cleaned with wet rags. OSHA says all asphalt or vinyl floor tile installed prior to 1980 is Presumed (PACM) to contain asbestos unless sampling proves otherwise. $1,000. Homes built before 1970 are very likely to contain 9″ x 9″ asbestos floor tiles, which, if disturbed, can pose harm to your family. To get an entire home tested for asbestos might cost in the hundreds of dollars. Looks like 9x9 50s tile so mask up, rubber gloves, tyvek suit. The average cost to remove a tile floor is $1,486, with a range between $981 and $1,992. The cost to remove asbestos tile can range anywhere from $1,500-$5,000 or more. We told him such and stated explicitly that these tiles should not be disturbed for any reason. I want to remove the carpet bc I think it smells musty, level the…Are 9X9 Tiles Asbestos. I was fortunate enough to have the sellers pay for it but it was definitely well worth it and I would’ve paid for it if they did not. 6 Steps to a Safe Asbestos Floor Tile Removal. of the old stlye 9x9 tiles. • Floor and ceiling tiles • Plaster and wallboard • Insulation from buildings, pipes and boilers. This means that each piece of floor tile must be removed in one piece with minimal breakage. If your home has either of these types of flooring material, it could contain asbestos. If floor tiling is removed by a method that does not render it friable (not able, when dry, to be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure) then removal is not considered to be a response action that requires workers accredited under the Asbestos Model Accreditation Plan (MAP). If you give the dimensions color and if possible approximate age and/or brand I can probably give you a better answer on your risk. Use plastic sheets to seal off any room where asbestos will be removed. Seal the plastic bag. It is very common for 9×9 tiles to contain asbestos. Water Spray Bottle: Fill a spray bottle with water to wet the tiles before removal. In my prior position as an asbestos microscopist, the vast majority of 9” x 9” floor tiles I analyzed did contain some asbestos, typically in the 1-5% and sometimes the 5-10% range. The most common asbestos occurrence with this type of flooring is an asbestos paper lining found on the underside of the flooring. I have the 9x9" asbestos tile in my basement, and I wonder if it would be ok to just remove the loose tiles,. 0. 0 ( 4 Verified Ratings) WYCKOFF, NJ ·. 76 - $4. Step 3 - Preparing the Asbestos Flooring for Removal. He kept to his estimate and removed the 9x9 asbestos floor tiles in short order. Tom Silva replies: The advice you received is correct: The best way to deal with old asbestos floor tiles is to cover them up. When pulling up the ceramic in the kitchen, it is apparent there was some smaller tile 9x9 previously in place. The 9x9 tiles are listed as 'non-friable', which means the asbestos is locked into the material. 00 – $215. Vinyl and Linoleum Flooring - 9x9 asbestos vinyl tiles - I had a water leak that caused my kitchen floor to bubble up. Throw out the mop. How do you remove asbestos tile from concrete floor? Use a hammer and putty knife to work under the edges of the tile and pop it loose. e sanding, cutting, scrapping, etc). There are about 700 sq. NO mask. Really. Take a utility knife and cut the asbestos into manageable pieces. The median cost for the professional removal of asbestos tiles is. of the old stlye 9x9 tiles. That. •Asbestos floor tiles were manufactured in three sizes, 18-by-18, 12-by-12 and 9-by-9. So it was pretty much impossible to pull up. The old flooring is made up of a few layers. S. All 9x9 floor tile will be assumed to contain asbestos. 95-sq. Simply encapsulating the tiles is possible if an inspection has. What Does Asbestos Floor Tile Removal Cost? Average DIY asbestos tile removal cost is less expensive than hiring a professional, but it comes with safety risks and a lot of preparation, hard work, and cleanup. hi, after getting 3 very high estimates for finishing our basement my dh and i have decided to clean it up ourselves and make it a run-around play area for our 2 year old daughter. He died of the disease before his trial, but the jury awarded $3. Manufacturers often added asbestos to vinyl, laminate and linoleum floor tiles to make them more durable and for insulation purposes. Polished and refined taupe peel and stick floor tile; Peel and stick to apply; Water resistant and washableI need to remove some of the 9x9" asbestos tiles on the floor to do this. Easy and s. Are they 9x9 x1/8" thick? If they're 1/16" they are vinyl asbestos. The space in need or removal is about 400 SF. The most common asbestos tile sizes were 9x9 and 12x12. This explains why it was so frequently included in building materials, and especially flooring materials, prior to regulation in the 1980s. In the early 1950's, Kentile produced mostly asphalt-based floor tiles but also some cork-based floor tiles. There should be letters and numbers at the center of the back of the tile that indicates which one of the ceramic tile manufacturers in the U. Hired a contractor to remove laminate flooring in basement laundry room and replace with ceramic tiles. ) complete removal, or 2. Wet Scrubbing: A lightly abrasive (scrub) pad or brush is used on a 175-300 rpm floor machine to remove surface wear and dirt from the floor without removing all the floor finish. I wasn't involved in the purchase and now. $2. The cost for asbestos removal is between $1,200 and $3,200 for average homeowners. I would use floor leveling compound to fill the holes created by missing portions of tiles. But I didn't want to put money towards that though because I assumed the tile dust had already contaminated the walls anyways. Breaking Down Asbestos Tile Removal Costs. Average asbestos garage roof removal cost: £1,650. The weight of a 9x9" 1/8" thick asphalt asbestos floor tile will weigh about half that or 0. You’ll typically pay $8 to $13. You can certainly have a sample of your Armstrong Glazecraft floor tiles tested for asbestos - it costs typically around $50. S. Removing asbestos tile. . Removing asbestos from ductwork is a complicated process. 00 Removal of 9” x 9” chocolate brown floor tile with cream streaks and associated mastic 236 s. Kentile advertised its “glowing, greaseproof floor is easy to keep clean. You likely won't find them anymore as a 9x9 tile is just "known" to be an asbestos tile, and they don't make them anymore. The 9x9 asbestos tiles should be exactly 1/8" thick. Asbestos tile looks like regular tiles between 9”x9” and 18”x18” in size. Asbestos abatement can cost between $5 and $20 per square foot once it’s detected. The following requirements and prohibitions apply to maintenance of such flooring: No sanding of this flooring material; Wet floor stripping must. 67) per square foot to remove it. By. Low levels of the not-instant-cancer asbestos (that'd be the blue stuff). This article contains flooring identification requests for floor tiles or sheet flooring believed to date from the 1960's. Use a utility knife or a small chisel to remove a small piece of the tile that you want to be tested. Would the safest way to handle this be to flood the basement we an inch or two of water first(to prevent the asbestos from becoming airborne), bust the tiles off the floor and then clean up?. The first method is most expensive because any company that does it will likely have to be licensed specifically for asbestos abatement. The floor tiles are 9"x9" as seen in this album. What are asbestos containing vinyl tiles? Asbestos vinyl tiles contain 8–30 per cent asbestos in a tightly bonded matrix (see Figure3). 6.